Learn about: Apologetics
Apologetics: Formal argumentation in defense of something, such as a system of beliefs. -Dictionary.com
Learn about Logical Fallacies:
A fallacy is, very generally, an error in reasoning. This differs from a factual error, which is simply
being wrong about the facts. To be more specific, a fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given for the conclusion
do not provide the needed degree of support. -source
Philosophy
Propositional Calculus
A simple but powerful system of logic for representing implications between logically compound sentences,
such as `either A or not B', `if B then A', etc. The system will prove, for example, that each of these two sentences implies
the other. See also Predicate Calculus/Predicate Logic, Rules of Inference.
"You take the blue pill and the story ends. You wake in your bed and you believe whatever
you want to believe. You take the red pill and you stay in Wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit-hole goes. " - Morpheus
from The Matrix
Propositional Calculus is the red-pill of Philosophy.
The Laws of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the study of the effects of work, heat, and energy on a system.
Economics
Learn about the Austrian School of economics.
The Classic works of Frederic Bastiat: Vol1 & Vol2 (Includes his seminal piece What Is Seen & What Is Not Seen)
The Politics you thought you knew: